To understand the different deformation modes, the structure of a metal must be considered. Elastic deformation can be conceptualized by considering the bonds between individual atoms to be springs. A metal will stretch under the application of a load, but will return to its original shape after the removal of that load if only elastic deformation occurs. Just as a spring constant relates the force to the applied displacement (i.e. F=kx) , the elastic modulus (E) related the tensile stress to the applied tensile strain (i.e.,s=Ee ) and is simply the slope of the linear portion of the tensile stress-versus-tensile strain curve produced in the tension test. Differences in the measured elastic moduli for different metals can therefore be rationalized in part by the differences in the atomic bonds between the individual atoms within the crystal lattice.

1. deformation mode 变形模式

2. elastic deformation 弹性变形

3. spring 弹性

4. conceptualize 概念化

5. bond结合  

6. stretch 拉伸

7. load载荷

8. displacement

9. 位移  

10. elastic modulus 弹性模量

11. tensile stress 拉伸应力

12. strain 应变

13. slope 斜率

14. linear线性的

15. stress-versus-tensile strain curve 应力-应变曲线

16. tension test 拉伸试验

17. moduli模量 modulus的复数

18. rationalize 对......进行合理的解释  

19. crystal lattice 晶体结构